About Jørn Utzon, Architect of the Sydney Opera House

Any biography of Jà ¸rn Utzon (born  April 9, 1918) will certainly say that his best-known building is his revolutionary Sydney Opera House in Australia. Yet, as a private Dane born in Copenhagen, Utzon created many other masterpieces in his lifetime. He is noted for his courtyard-style housing in Denmark, but he also designed exceptional buildings in Kuwait and Iran. His architecture combines the organic elements of Frank Lloyd Wright with Middle Eastern and Islamic elements.   Jà ¸rn Utzon was perhaps destined to design buildings that evoke the sea. His father,  Aage Utzon (1885-1970), was director of a shipyard in Alborg, Denmark, and was himself a brilliant naval architect, well-known in the area for designing custom-made yachts. Yachting and racing was an activity within the Utzon family, and the young Jà ¸rn became a good sailor himself. The Utzons grew up with sails. Until about the age of 18, Utzon considered a career as a naval officer. While still in secondary school, he began helping his father at the shipyard, studying new designs, drawing up plans and making model yachts. This activity opened another possibility — that of training to be a naval architect like his father. During summer holidays with his grandparents, Jà ¸rn Utzon met two artists, Paul Schrà ¸der and Carl Kyberg, who introduced him to art. One of his father’s cousins, Einar Utzon-Frank, who happened to be a sculptor and a professor at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, provided additional inspiration. The future architect took an interest in sculpting, and at one point, indicated a desire to be an artist. Even though his final marks in secondary school were quite poor, particularly in mathematics, Utzon excelled in freehand drawing — a talent strong enough to win his admission to the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen. He was soon recognized as having extraordinary gifts in architectural design. While in school, he became interested in the works of architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), who would remain influential all of Utzons life. He earned a Diploma in Architecture from the Academy in 1942, and then fled to neutral Sweden during War War II. He worked in the Stockholm office of Hakon Ahlberg for the duration of the War, where he studied the work of Swedish architect Gunnar Asplund (1885-1940), known for what is called Nordic Classicism. Following the War, Utzon had the great opportunity to work with the modernist architect Alvar Aalto at his studio in Finland. By 1949 Utzon had received a grant to travel in Morocco, Mexico, the United States, China, Japan, India, and Australia — a whirlwind world excursion that would eventually inform his architectural designs for years to come.. All of the trips had significance, and Utzon himself described ideas he learned from Mexico. As an architectonic element, the platform is fascinating, Utzon has said. I lost my heart to it on a trip to Mexico in 1949. On the Yucatan he saw land covered by low height, dense jungle. But by building up the platform on a level with the roof of the jungle, says Utzon, these people had suddenly conquered a new dimension that was a worthy place for the worship of their gods. They built their temples on these high platforms, which can be as much as a hundred metres long. From here, they had the sky, the clouds and the breeze.... Utzon remembered this experience as he submitted his design for the Sydney Opera House competition. The next year, in 1950, Utzon returned to Copenhagen, and opened his own practice. Utzons Architecture When looking at the architecture of Jà ¸rn Utzon, the observer notices repeating architectural details — the skylights, the white curves, the appreciation for natural elements, the stationary platform on which Utzon designs may soar. His last project, the Utzon Center in Aalborg, Denmark, opened the year Utzon died, but exhibits the elements he saw throughout his life — the Islamic-like towers, the interior courtyards, the curves and the skylights. The interior of the Bagsvaerd Church, built in 1976, was envisioned with a ceiling of clouds, a sweeping white pillow motif also seen in the 1982 Kuwait National Assembly in Kuwait City and the spiral stairway of the Melli Bank, University of Tehran Branch in 1960 Iran. Yet it is the Sydney Opera House in Australia that has captured the moniker of iconic architecture. The iconic design of the Sydney Opera House complex comes from the shell-shape of the multiple roofs — they are all geometrically part of one sphere. A bonze plaque located onsite visually demonstrates the architectural idea and design solution, who wanted the plaque to explain the spherical concept of the architecture. The key to the shell design is that each shell or sail is an element of a solid sphere. The plaque Inscription tells the story: after three years of intensive search for a basic geometry for the shell complex I arrived in october 1961 at the spherical solution shown here.I call this my key to the shells because it solves all the problems of construction by opening up for mass production, precision in manufacture and simple erection and with this geometrical system I attain full harmony between all the shapes in this fantastic complex.jà ³rn utzon Danish architect Jà ¸rn Utzon was only 38 when he won the competition to build the Sydney Opera House.   The project became the highlight of his career but brought enormous challenges in engineering and building technology. Utzons winning design, submitted in 1957, moved through a complicated process with many adaptations and innovations before the Sydney Opera House officially opened on October 20, 1973. Utzons Legacy Ada Louise Huxtable, an architecture critic and a member of the 2003 Pritzker Prize jury, commented, In a forty year practice, each commission displays a continuing development of ideas both subtle and bold, true to the teaching of early pioneers of a new architecture, but that cohere in a prescient way, most visible now, to push the boundaries of architecture toward the present. This has produced a range of work from the sculptural abstraction of the Sydney Opera House that foreshadowed the avant garde expression of our time, and is widely considered to be the most notable monument of the 20th century, to handsome, humane housing and a church that remains a masterwork today. Carlos Jimenez, an architect on the Pritzker Jury, noted that ...each work startles with with its irrepressible creativity. How else to explain the lineage binding those indelible ceramic sails on the Tasmanian Sea, the fertile optimism of the housing at Fredensborg, or those sublime undulations of the ceilings at Bagsvà ¦rd, to name just three of Utzon’s timeless works. At the end of his life, the Pritzker Prize-winning architect faced new challenges. A degenerative eye condition left Utzon nearly blind. Also, according to news reports, Utzon clashed with his son and grandson over a remodeling project at the Sydney Opera House. The acoustics at the Opera House was criticized, and many people complained that the celebrated theater did not have enough performance or backstage space. Jà ¸rn Utzon died of a heart attack on November 29, 2008 in Copenhagen, Denmark at age 90. He was survived by his wife and their three children, Kim, Jan and Lin, and several grandchildren who work in architecture and related fields. There is no doubt that artistic clashes will be forgotten as the world honors  Jà ¸rn Utzons powerful artistic legacy. The architectural firm he founded, Utzon Associates Architects, is in Hellebaek, Denmark. Sources Biography, The Hyatt Foundation, PDF at https://www.pritzkerprize.com/sites/default/files/inline-files/2003_bio_0.pdfAbout the Utzon Family, https://utzon.dk/utzon-associates-architects/the-utzon-familyJury Citation, The Hyatt Foundation, https://www.pritzkerprize.com/jury-citation-jorn-utzonGouse History, Sydney Opera House, https://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/our-story/sydney-opera-house-history.htm Fast Facts Born April 9, 1918 in Copenhagen, DenmarkInfluenced by Mayan, Islamic, and Chinese architecture; Frank Lloyd Wright and Alvar Aalto; growing up next to a shipyardBest-known as the architect of the Sydney Opera House (1957-1973) in Sydney, AustraliaDied November 29, 2008 in Copenhagen, Denmark

Autism A Lack of the I-function Essay - 2203 Words

Autism: A Lack of the I-function In the words of Uta Frith, a proclaimed expert on autism, autistic persons lack the underpinning special feature of the human mind: the ability to reflect on itself. ((3)) And according to our recent discussions in class, the ability to reflect on ones internal state is the job of a specific entity in the brain known as the I-function. Could it be that autism is a disease of this part of the mind, a damage or destruction to these specialized groups of neurons which make up the process we perceive as conscious thought? And if this is so, what are the implications? Are autistic persons inhuman? Which part of their brain is so different from normal people, and how did the difference arise? The†¦show more content†¦((3)) Tests have also been designed in attempt to diagnose the disease decisively. One of these is the Sally-Anne test, in which autistic children usually show an inability to understand the perception of another child in a scenario or to understand that she could believe something false. ((4)) Another test involves two flashing lights. Autistic children will look at a light if it flashes, but other children will show a tendency to move their eyes toward a new light while autistic children will not. ((3)) Observation of the behavior of autistics makes it clear that they do interact with their world and understand certain aspects of it to a degree. However they often appear intensely focused on one perception or sensory experience and are unable to integrate multiple factors of emotion, intention, or personality in the way most people do. As a result of this inability to perceive order in all of the circumstances of their environment, they often find themselves in a world that seems very chaotic and random. Jennifer Kuhn hypothesizes that many of the symptoms of autism are defense mechanisms stemming from a feeling of helplessness to control a situation. ((3)) Rats, when they are forced to jump at one of two doors that are randomly chosen to open unto food or stay closed and hurt the rat, will always pick the same door. (Lashley and Maier, 1934) Thus the repetitive behavior of autistics,Show MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )798 Words   |  4 PagesAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a disorder characterised by a triad of impairments in social interaction, communication and repetitive behaviour and restricted interest. This spectrum is observed to affect three times more males than females (Hill, 2004). ASD is a syndrome that Leo Kanner first explained while observing the behaviour of children he was researching. 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Digital Signature Essay Example For Students

Digital Signature Essay Digital Signatures CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT 2. INTRODUCTION 3. DESIGN PRINCIPLES EXPLANATION 3. 1. MODULES 3. 2. MODULE DESCRIPTIOIN 4. PROJECT DICTIONARY 4. 1. DATAFLOW DIAGRAMS 5. FORMS REPORTS 5. 1. I/O SAMPLES 6. BIBILIOGRAPHY 1. ABSTRACT The security of information available to an organization was primarily provided through physical and administrative means. For example, rugged file cabinets with a combination lock were used for storing sensitive documents and personnel screening procedures were employed during the hiring process. With the introduction of the computer, the need for automated tools for protecting files and other information stored on the computer became evident. This is especially the case for a shared system and the need is even more acute for a network. Computer networks were primarily used by university researches for sending e-mail, and by corporate employees for sharing printers. Under these conditions, security was not given much attention. Today, since the world is going global, and trillions of data are transferred daily across networks, security is looming on the horizon as a potentially massive problem. The generic name for the collection of tools designed to protect data and to thwart hackers is Computer Security. In the project titled â€Å"Digital Signatures† security is ensured in the Messaging System of an organization. In this application, if an employee wishes to send confidential information to another employee connected through the intranet of their organization, he first signs the message and then sends it to the recipient. He signs the message using Digital Signatures. The person who receives the message validates the sender and if the message is from an authorized employee, he reads the message. The above operation is performed using Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA). This application makes sure that the security services Authentication, Secrecy, Integrity, and Non-repudiation are provided to the user. Therefore, intruders cannot gain access to classified information. 2. INTRODUCTION Scope The project is confined to the intranet in an organization. This application makes sure that security services such as secrecy, authentication, integrity and non-repudiation are provided to the communicating parties. Objective This project has been developed keeping in view the security features that need to be implemented in the networks following the fulfillment of these objectives: †¢ To develop an application that deals with the security threats that arise in the network. †¢ To enable the end-users as well as the organizations come out with a safe messaging communication without any threats from intruders or unauthorized people. †¢ To deal with the four inter-related areas of network security namely Secrecy, Authentication, Non-repudiation and Integrity. Project Overview This application makes use of Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) along with a hash function. The hash code is provided as input to a signature function along with a random number generated for this particular signature. The signature function also depends on the sender’s private key and a set of parameters known to a group of communicating principals. This set constitutes a global public key. The result is a signature consisting of two components. At the receiving end, verification is performed. The receiver generates a quantity that is a function of the public-key components, the sender’s public key, and the hash code of the incoming message. If this quantity matches with one of the components of the signature, then the signature is validated. This application makes sure that the security services Authentication, Secrecy, Integrity, and Non-repudiation are provided to the user. †¢ This application allows to keep the information out of the hands of unauthorized persons. This is called Secrecy. †¢ It also deals with determining whom a person is communicating with before revealing sensitive information or entering a business deal. This is called Authentication. †¢ Non-repudiation deals with proving that a particular message was sent by a particular person in case he denies it later. Integrity makes sure whether a particular message has been modified or something has been added to it. The project mainly deals with maintenance of the above mentioned security services thereby allowing the users as well as the network organizations to keep track of intrusions and thus enhancing the security services. Existing sys tem These days almost all organizations around the globe use a messaging system to transfer data among their employees through their exclusive intranet. But the security provided is not of high standards. More and more unauthorized people are gaining access to confidential data. Disadvantages: †¢ The validity of sender is not known. †¢ The sender may deny sending a message that he/she has actually sent and similarly the receiver may deny the receipt that he/she has actually received. †¢ Unauthorized people can gain access to classified data. †¢ Intruders can modify the messages or the receiver himself may modify the message and claim that the sender has sent it. Proposed system The system will provide the following security services: Confidentiality: Confidentiality is the protection of transmitted data from passive attacks. Contents Introduction Overview of Diabetes Type I EssayIt uses an algorithm that is designed to provide only the digital signature function. Unlike RSA, it cannot be used for encryption or Key exchange. Nevertheless, it is a public-key technique. RSA Approach In the RSA approach, the message to be signed is input to a hash function that produces a secure hash code of fixed length. This hash code is then encrypted using the sender’s private key to form the signature. Both the message and the signature are then transmitted. The recipient takes the message and produces a hash code. The recipient also decrypts the signature using the sender’s public key. If the calculated hash code matches the decrypted signature, the signature is accepted as valid. Because only the sender knows the private key, only the sender could have produced a valid signature. where M = Message H = Hash Function E = Message Digest at the Sender’s side D = Message Digest at the Receiver’s side KRa = Sender’s Private Key KUa = Sender’s Public Key DSS Approach The Digital Signature Standard approach also makes use of a hash function. The hash code is provided as input to a signature function along with a random number generated for this particular signature. The signature function also depends on the sender’s private key and a set of parameters known to a group of communicating principals. This set constitutes a global public key. The result is a signature consisting of two components. where M = Message H = Hash Function KRa = Sender’s Private Key KUa = Sender’s Public Key KUG = Group Public Key r, s = Signature k = Random Number Sig = Signature Function Ver = Verification Function Disadvantage of RSA over DSA RSA does not use a hash function, it encrypts the message. The length of the encrypted code is same as that of the original message which leads to 100% overhead. This implies more processor overload and increase in processing time. DSA uses a hash function which takes large amounts of data and gives a fixed length message digest. This implies less overhead. Hence DSA is preferred over RSA for Digital Signatures. SECURE HASH ALGORITHM (SHA-1) This application makes use of the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-1). The SHA-1 algorithm takes as input a message with a maximum length of less than 264 bits and produces as output a 160-bit message digest. The input is processed in 512-bit blocks. The processing consists of the following steps: Step 1 : Appending padding bits The message is padded so that its length is congruent to 448 modulo 512 (length = 448 mod 512). Padding is always added, even if the message is already of the desired length. Thus, the number of padding bits is in the range of 1 to 512. The padding consists of a single 1-bit followed by the necessary number of 0-bits. Step 2 : Append Length. A block of 64 bits is appended to the message. This block is treated as an unsigned 64-bit integer (most significant byte first) and contains the length of the original message (before the padding). Step 3 : Initialize MD buffer. A 160-bit buffer is used to hold intermediate and final results of the hash function. The buffer can be represented as five 32-bit registers ( A, B, C, D, E ). These registers are initialized to the following 32-bit integers (hexadecimal values): A = 67452301 B = EFCDAB89 C = 98BADCFE D = 10325476 E = C3D2E1F0 These values are stored in big-endian format, which is the most significant byte of a word in the low-address byte position. As 32-bit strings, the initialization values (in hexadecimal values) : word A = 67 45 23 01 ord B = EF CD AB 89 word C = 98 BA DC FE word D = 10 32 54 76 word E = C3 D2 E1 F0 Step 4 : Process message in 512-bit (16-word ) blocks. The heart of the algorithm is a module that consists of four rounds of processing of 20 steps each. The four rounds have a similar structure, but each uses a different primitive logical function, which we refer to as f1, f2, f3, and f4. Each round takes as input the current 512-bit block being proce ssed (Yq) and the 160-bit buffer value ABCDE and updates the contents of the buffer. Each round also makes use of an additive constant Kt, where 0